Mice are the backbone of biomedical research worldwide because they combine biological relevance with practical research advantages that few other species can match. These small mammals share a high degree of genetic and physiological similarity with humans — with most of their genes having human equivalents — making them excellent models for studying human disease mechanisms, drug effects and genetic functions. Their fully sequenced genome and the ability to edit specific genes allow researchers to mimic human conditions and understand how particular genetic changes influence health and disease.

Beyond genetics, mice offer practical benefits for research efficiency. Their short lifespans and rapid reproductive cycles let scientists observe multiple generations and long-term effects within a reasonable timeframe. Because they are small, inexpensive to house and breed quickly, large sample sizes can be used to ensure statistical reliability — crucial for credible experimental results. Researchers also have developed many specialised mouse strains, including those with disabled immune systems or engineered disease traits, enabling precise study of infections, cancer, aging, and more.

While mice are not perfect stand-ins for humans in every context, their combination of biological relevance, genetic manipulability, cost-effectiveness, and historical research infrastructure has made them indispensable in laboratories studying medicine, genetics, neurobiology and beyond.