India is visibly deepening its diplomatic and developmental footprint in Afghanistan: it has upgraded its Kabul mission from a technical office to a full embassy, signaling stronger commitment in trade, infrastructure, health, and education. This follows high-level talks between External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister, Amir Khan Muttaqi.

At the same time, Pakistan’s role is under strain. India has publicly called out Pakistan for alleged cross-border terrorism, and Afghan authorities have accused Pakistan of destabilising actions including air strikes on Afghan soil.

This contrast—India’s investment versus Pakistan’s controversial actions—is fueling a perception of two competing strategies in Afghanistan. One side is building with infrastructure and diplomacy; the other is seen by many observers as being linked to disruptions and conflict. Whether this leads to a shift in regional influence—or further conflict—depends on how well these diplomatic and security challenges are managed.